分手之後,過得更好的兩個人
在網頁專案中常會碰到在介面上需透過資料庫提供的資料來進行呈現,這樣的介面在程式開發時通常會透過兩種方法進行, 以下針對上述的兩種方法進行一些工作方式說明與做法上的分享 。
傳統的開發模式
前、後端人員會先針對頁面設計進行可行性的討論,在前端在頁面製作完成後,逐步Release出來給後端工程師,讓後端工程師根據已經製作好的頁面進行施工,他們會在版面中加入後端程式(ASP、PHP、JSP…等),以此方式進行介面設計,最後會在後端工程師處完稿。
上圖的動態網頁版面是指將頁面串接上資料庫(Dynamic),透過資料庫的資料來進行呈現,也就是資料是”活的”,通常前端工程師會在版面中先放入一些假資料,讓後端工程師了解呈現風格,此處的動態不是指動畫,任何在頁面上的互動或動畫,應該是由前端工程師來完成。
前、後端分離
理想的做法是後端人員幾乎不用了解前端介面想如何呈現,所有API為前端人員依據頁面開需求給後端,例如產品目錄頁需要一隻API可以呈現:
- 商品名稱
- 價格
- 顏色
- 尺寸
- 依據前端傳入的參數來定義
- 一次給幾筆
- 從第幾筆開始給
- 可透過什麼條件進行篩選
以此方式進行介面設計,最後會在前端開發者處完稿。
前、後端分手後的好處
前、後端合併是傳統的合作模式,當時前端沒有好的方法可以呼叫後端API,所以所有的串接都必須由後端工程師進行協助,而自從前端程式可以透過AJAX的方式呼叫後端程式後,前、後端分離的做法就被廣為應用,他也帶來了以下的優點:
1. 權責區分明確
前、後端分離讓人員可以各自負責自己擅長的部份,前端工程師不會需要碰到伺服器端的程式,後端工程師也不會碰到前端的動畫或版面程式,能將權責清楚的區分出來,不會到時候發生網頁跑版、動畫出問題,但不清楚到底是誰動到了不該動的東西。
所以前、後端分離也就是權責上也更能夠釐清,別小看這個部分,因為這不僅僅讓雙方人員在專案開發上目標更為明確,也能夠讓專案管理變得更輕鬆。
2. 跨平台的API應用
專案中的應用平台有時不僅僅是Web,若有其他平台也有後端的需求,之前開發出來的API規格依然可以生效,就算有修改,也能依照相同的精神調整,對於後端工程師來說工作可以更單純一些。
3. 平行的開工時間
在看到ART Design所設計出來的頁面後,雙方可以迅速討論並且同時開工,不像傳統的專案,後端工程師需要等前端頁面完成後才可以施作,更能夠提升專案上的製作行程。
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What New Glenn will do
In some ways, New Glenn has already made its mark on the launch industry. Blue Origin has for years pitched the rocket to compete with both SpaceX and United Launch Alliance — a joint venture of Boeing and Lockheed Martin that buys engines from Blue Origin — for lucrative military launch contracts.
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The US Space Force selected Blue Origin, ULA and SpaceX in June to compete for $5.6 billion worth of Pentagon contracts for national security missions slated to launch over the next four years.
Blue Origin also has deals with several commercial companies to launch satellites. The contracts include plans to help deploy Amazon’s Kuiper internet satellites and a recently inked deal with AST SpaceMobile to help launch the Midland, Texas-based company’s space-based cellular broadband network.
New Glenn could also be instrumental in building Blue Origin’s planned space station, called Orbital Reef. Blue Origin and it commercial partners, including Sierra Space and Boeing, among others, hope the station will one day provide a new destination for astronauts as the International Space Station is phased out of service.
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New Glenn vs. other powerful rockets
New Glenn packs significant power. Dubbed a “heavy-lift” vehicle, its capabilities lie between SpaceX’s Falcon 9 rocket and the more powerful Falcon Heavy launch vehicle.
SpaceX’s workhorse Falcon 9, for example, can haul up to 22.8 metric tons (50,265 pounds) to space. While New Glenn is capable of carrying about double that mass, it may also be roughly the same price as a Falcon 9: reportedly around $60 million to $70 million per launch.
“I think in order to compete with Falcon 9, you have to go head-to-head or better on price,” said Caleb Henry, the director of research at Quilty Space, which provides data and analysis about the space sector.
The question, however, is whether Blue Origin will be able to sustain a competitive price point, Henry added.
Still, one feature that makes New Glenn stand out is its large payload fairing, or nose cone. The component protects the cargo bay and is a whopping 23 feet (7 meters) wide — nearly 6 feet (2 meters) larger than that of SpaceX’s Falcon 9 or Falcon Heavy.
Henry said Blue Origin likely opted to outfit New Glenn with such a large fairing in order to help fulfill Bezos’ vision of the future.
What’s on board this flight
Blue Origin had planned to launch a pair of Mars-bound satellites on behalf of NASA for the first flight of New Glenn.
But delays with the rocket’s development prompted the space agency to change course, moving that flight to this spring at the earliest. So for this inaugural flight, Blue Origin opted to instead fly a “demonstrator” that will test technology needed for the company’s proposed Blue Ring spacecraft — which will aim to serve as a sort of in-space rideshare vehicle, dragging satellites deeper into space when needed.
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The demonstrator on this New Glenn flight will remain aboard the rocket for the entire six-hour flight, Blue Origin said, and it will validate “communications capabilities from orbit to ground” as well as “test its in-space telemetry, tracking and command hardware, and ground-based radiometric tracking.”
The Blue Ring Pathfinder demonstrator is part of a deal Blue Origin inked with the US Department of Defense’s Defense Innovation Unit.
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Why Blue Origin wants to reuse rockets
Similar to SpaceX, Blue Origin is aiming to recover and refly its first-stage rocket boosters in a bid to make launches less expensive.
“Reusability is integral to radically reducing cost-per-launch,” the company said in a recent news release, using the same oft-repeated sentiment that SpaceX has touted since it began landing rocket boosters in 2015.
Bezos, however, has acknowledged the importance of reusing rocket parts since he founded the company in 2000 — two years before Musk established SpaceX. And the company has already developed its suborbital New Shepard tourism rocket to be reusable.
“It’s not a copy cat game,” Henry said. “Blue Origin has been pursuing reusable vehicles since before reusable vehicles were cool. Now it’s much more of a mainstream idea (because of SpaceX). The difference is that it’s taken Blue Origin so much longer to get to orbit.”
If successful, returning the New Glenn rocket booster for a safe landing will be a stunning feat. After expending most of its fuel to propel the rocket’s upper stage to space, the first-stage booster will need to make a clean separation. The booster must then maneuver with pinpoint guidance and reignite its engines with precision timing to avoid crashing into the ocean or the Jacklyn recovery platform.
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New Glenn’s first flight
Blue Origin formally announced the development of New Glenn — which aims to outpower SpaceX’s Falcon 9 rockets and haul spacecraft up to 45 metric tons (99,200 pounds) to orbit — in 2016.
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The vehicle is long overdue, as the company previously targeted 2020 for its first launch.
Delays, however, are common in the aerospace industry. And the debut flight of a new vehicle is almost always significantly behind schedule.
Rocket companies also typically take a conservative approach to the first liftoff, launching dummy payloads such as hunks of metal or, as was the case with SpaceX’s Falcon Heavy debut in 2018, an old cherry red sports car.
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Blue Origin has also branded itself as a company that aims to take a slow, diligent approach to rocket development that doesn’t “cut any corners,” according to Bezos, who founded Blue Origin and funds the company.
The company’s mascot is a tortoise, paying homage to “The Tortoise and the Hare” fable that made the “slow and steady wins the race” mantra a childhood staple.
“We believe slow is smooth and smooth is fast,” Bezos said in 2016. Those comments could be seen as an attempt to position Blue Origin as the anti-SpaceX, which is known to embrace speed and trial-and-error over slow, meticulous development processes.
But SpaceX has certainly won the race to orbit. The company’s first orbital rocket, the Falcon 1, made a successful launch in September 2008. The company has deployed hundreds of missions to orbit since then.
And while SpaceX routinely destroys rockets during test flights as it begins developing a new rocket, the company has a solid track record for operational missions. SpaceX’s Falcon 9 rocket, for example, has experienced two in-flight failures and one launchpad explosion but no catastrophic events during human missions.
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