vue.js 學習手冊 框架的選擇與導入

這篇文章是vue.js學習手冊的第一篇文章,也是我認為最難寫的一篇文章,就像vue.js提到的他是一個“漸進式”框架,在這篇文章也想要跟各位分享選擇框架的一些原則,讓大家可以“漸進式”的了解為什麼我們在網頁開發時需要選擇一個框架來幫助我們,在選擇框架之前我們要先弄清楚,框架究竟可以幫助我們在網頁開發上的哪些部分,如果這些部分跟你要開發的項目並不媒合,那奉勸你別把單純的事情搞複雜了,而且你可能會開始討厭學習框架,但若反之,你一定會愛上框架,甚至覺得他讓你事半功倍。

強大的前、後端串接功能


現代的網頁被要求除了有著摩登的前端UI之外,在網頁中的資料有常需要配合“大數據”下的資料進行呈現,說白話一點也就是網頁上面呈現的資料並不是寫死在頁面中的,而是透過後端資料庫取出來的,舉凡會員登入的名稱、購物網站中的商品資訊、新聞網站中的新聞就連你現在看到的這篇文章,也都是存放於資料庫中,網頁去對資料庫進行讀取後顯示在介面上的。

當然除了對資料庫進行讀取之外,網頁也會對資料庫進行儲存的動作,舉凡會員資料修改、商品訂單建立、網站偏好設定…等等,而框架在這方面有許多很好的方法,讓我們可以更周全快速的處理這方面的動作,節省許多開發的時間與減少Bug上的產生。

模組化開發架構


在一個大型網站中,可能有許多網頁中會出現相同風格的元素,例如:下拉式選單、按鈕、分頁導覽,是每一個頁面都會重複應用到的一些元件,傳統的網頁開發上就是在每一頁嵌入對應的HTML Code,這樣的做法非但不易維護,也會增加許多冗長且重複的程式碼。

模組化開發可以如上圖所示,將頁面中需重用的元素拉出來設計成一個Component,在不同頁面可以透過引入的方式置入該Component,而Component的維護可以統一在該Component中進行,可以減少大量維護上的時間。

透過 Virtual DOM 來提升頁面效能


現代的網頁前端框架為了提升頁面操作的效能都提供了Virtual DOM,在Vue.js 2.0中也引入Virtual DOM,比Vue.js 1.0的初始渲染速度提升了2~4倍,並大大降低了內存消耗,至於為何Virtual DOM能提昇網頁的效能,大家就必須了解我們透過Javascirpt更新實體DOM時會產生的效能問題開始了解。

實體DOM更新的效能測試

這邊製作一個簡單的範例對實體DOM和虛擬DOM的效能進行說明:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <title></title>
</head>
<body>
  <div class="wrapper">
    <div class="container">
      <div class="itemList">
        <ul id="itemList__ul">
          <li id="liID">Item 1</li>
        </ul>
      </div>
    </div>
    <button onClick="insertItems()">Go</button>
  </div>
</body>
</html>
<script>
  var itemData = "";
  function insertItems() {
    for (var i = 1; i <= 100000; i++) {
      itemData = "Item " + i
      document.getElementById("liID").innerHTML = itemData;
    }
  }
</script>

在HTML DOM的操作上,只要頁面元素有變更,就可能會觸發Reflow或Repaint這樣的動作,瀏覽器也會耗費相當多的資源在進行這些動作,以上述的例子來看,當我們按下頁面上的按鈕之後,就會透過迴圈去改變li的內容,這樣將會觸發多次的瀏覽器動作。

下圖是我們在Chrome中獲得的效能資訊:

若是我們將上述程式中的第26行移除,則效能會改變如下圖所示:

這樣可以很明確的了解效能殺手就是程式中的第26行,而這行程式的目的是去更新瀏覽器中的內容,若沒有這行沒辦法讓使用者看到最終的結果,因為我們必須透過這樣的方式更新DOM內容。

虛擬DOM的效能測試

同樣頁面的效果,我們在Vue裡面的作法如下:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="zh">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="ie=edge">
  <title></title>
  <script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/vue/dist/vue.js"></script>
</head>
<body>
  <div id="app">
    <ul>
      <li v-for="item in items">{{ item.message }}</li>
    </ul>
    <button @click="insertItems">Go</button>
  </div>
</body>
</html>
<script>
    var vueData = {
        items: [
      { message: 'Item 1' }
    ]
    }
    var app = new Vue({
        el: '#app',
        data: vueData,
    methods: {
      insertItems: function(){
        for(var i = 1; i <= 100000; i ++){
          vueData.items[0].message = "Item " + i;
        }
      }
    }
    })
</script>

同樣的結果在Vue會在Javascript和瀏覽器中加入一層Virturl DOM,待Virturl DOM更新完畢之後,在寫入瀏覽器中。

透過這樣的方法,使用這得到的一樣的效果,但大大提高了使用者端瀏覽器的效能,可以從下圖觀察的出來!

在Virtual DOM的架構中,會把程式的動作動作集中在Virtual DOM中運算,當確定整個頁面結構之後,再一次性地將結果繪製到頁面中,可以想像成原本的DOM操作就是在每一次在CPU運算之後,直接把結果寫到硬碟當中,而Virtual DOM就是在CPU與硬碟間加入了記憶體層,CPU運算後先將結果儲存在記憶體中,最後再將記憶體的資料一次性的寫入硬碟

PS:記憶體的運算速度超過硬碟很多倍。

結論


綜合上述所說,網頁專案中採用前端框架,有著減少開發時間、易於維護、增加頁面效能…等優點,但若你的專案並不會大量與後端串接、製作上元件重複使用的機會不高、在頁面中也不太會對DOM進行Reflow與Repaint,可能是一個活動網頁、公司形象網頁…等,也許就沒有必要去選用一個前端框架,簡言之工具用在正確的地方,才能顯現出它的價值,當然目前符合使用框架的專案也一定非常多,也就是這樣的原因,才會造成前端框架的流行。

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