vue.js 學習手冊 框架的選擇與導入
這篇文章是vue.js學習手冊的第一篇文章，也是我認為最難寫的一篇文章，就像vue.js提到的他是一個“漸進式”框架，在這篇文章也想要跟各位分享選擇框架的一些原則，讓大家可以“漸進式”的了解為什麼我們在網頁開發時需要選擇一個框架來幫助我們，在選擇框架之前我們要先弄清楚，框架究竟可以幫助我們在網頁開發上的哪些部分，如果這些部分跟你要開發的項目並不媒合，那奉勸你別把單純的事情搞複雜了，而且你可能會開始討厭學習框架，但若反之，你一定會愛上框架，甚至覺得他讓你事半功倍。
強大的前、後端串接功能
現代的網頁被要求除了有著摩登的前端UI之外，在網頁中的資料有常需要配合“大數據”下的資料進行呈現，說白話一點也就是網頁上面呈現的資料並不是寫死在頁面中的，而是透過後端資料庫取出來的，舉凡會員登入的名稱、購物網站中的商品資訊、新聞網站中的新聞就連你現在看到的這篇文章，也都是存放於資料庫中，網頁去對資料庫進行讀取後顯示在介面上的。
當然除了對資料庫進行讀取之外，網頁也會對資料庫進行儲存的動作，舉凡會員資料修改、商品訂單建立、網站偏好設定…等等，而框架在這方面有許多很好的方法，讓我們可以更周全快速的處理這方面的動作，節省許多開發的時間與減少Bug上的產生。
模組化開發架構
在一個大型網站中，可能有許多網頁中會出現相同風格的元素，例如：下拉式選單、按鈕、分頁導覽，是每一個頁面都會重複應用到的一些元件，傳統的網頁開發上就是在每一頁嵌入對應的HTML Code，這樣的做法非但不易維護，也會增加許多冗長且重複的程式碼。
模組化開發可以如上圖所示，將頁面中需重用的元素拉出來設計成一個Component，在不同頁面可以透過引入的方式置入該Component，而Component的維護可以統一在該Component中進行，可以減少大量維護上的時間。
透過 Virtual DOM 來提升頁面效能
現代的網頁前端框架為了提升頁面操作的效能都提供了Virtual DOM，在Vue.js 2.0中也引入Virtual DOM，比Vue.js 1.0的初始渲染速度提升了2~4倍，並大大降低了內存消耗，至於為何Virtual DOM能提昇網頁的效能，大家就必須了解我們透過Javascirpt更新實體DOM時會產生的效能問題開始了解。
實體DOM更新的效能測試
這邊製作一個簡單的範例對實體DOM和虛擬DOM的效能進行說明：
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title></title>
</head>
<body>
<div class="wrapper">
<div class="container">
<div class="itemList">
<ul id="itemList__ul">
<li id="liID">Item 1</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<button onClick="insertItems()">Go</button>
</div>
</body>
</html>
<script>
var itemData = "";
function insertItems() {
for (var i = 1; i <= 100000; i++) {
itemData = "Item " + i
document.getElementById("liID").innerHTML = itemData;
}
}
</script>
在HTML DOM的操作上，只要頁面元素有變更，就可能會觸發Reflow或Repaint這樣的動作，瀏覽器也會耗費相當多的資源在進行這些動作，以上述的例子來看，當我們按下頁面上的按鈕之後，就會透過迴圈去改變li的內容，這樣將會觸發多次的瀏覽器動作。
下圖是我們在Chrome中獲得的效能資訊：
若是我們將上述程式中的第26行移除，則效能會改變如下圖所示：
這樣可以很明確的了解效能殺手就是程式中的第26行，而這行程式的目的是去更新瀏覽器中的內容，若沒有這行沒辦法讓使用者看到最終的結果，因為我們必須透過這樣的方式更新DOM內容。
虛擬DOM的效能測試
同樣頁面的效果，我們在Vue裡面的作法如下：
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="zh">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="ie=edge">
<title></title>
<script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/vue/dist/vue.js"></script>
</head>
<body>
<div id="app">
<ul>
<li v-for="item in items">{{ item.message }}</li>
</ul>
<button @click="insertItems">Go</button>
</div>
</body>
</html>
<script>
var vueData = {
items: [
{ message: 'Item 1' }
]
}
var app = new Vue({
el: '#app',
data: vueData,
methods: {
insertItems: function(){
for(var i = 1; i <= 100000; i ++){
vueData.items[0].message = "Item " + i;
}
}
}
})
</script>
同樣的結果在Vue會在Javascript和瀏覽器中加入一層Virturl DOM，待Virturl DOM更新完畢之後，在寫入瀏覽器中。
透過這樣的方法，使用這得到的一樣的效果，但大大提高了使用者端瀏覽器的效能，可以從下圖觀察的出來！
在Virtual DOM的架構中，會把程式的動作動作集中在Virtual DOM中運算，當確定整個頁面結構之後，再一次性地將結果繪製到頁面中，可以想像成原本的DOM操作就是在每一次在CPU運算之後，直接把結果寫到硬碟當中，而Virtual DOM就是在CPU與硬碟間加入了記憶體層，CPU運算後先將結果儲存在記憶體中，最後再將記憶體的資料一次性的寫入硬碟。
PS：記憶體的運算速度超過硬碟很多倍。
結論
綜合上述所說，網頁專案中採用前端框架，有著減少開發時間、易於維護、增加頁面效能…等優點，但若你的專案並不會大量與後端串接、製作上元件重複使用的機會不高、在頁面中也不太會對DOM進行Reflow與Repaint，可能是一個活動網頁、公司形象網頁…等，也許就沒有必要去選用一個前端框架，簡言之工具用在正確的地方，才能顯現出它的價值，當然目前符合使用框架的專案也一定非常多，也就是這樣的原因，才會造成前端框架的流行。
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