大專案中網頁多語系的維護方式
也許在許多專案上我們所說的Multi Language僅有繁體中文、簡體中文和英文，但在比較大型且跨國的專案上，可能會涉及更多的語言，例如：日文、俄文、德文、法文、西班牙文…等等，通常這些軟體內容的翻譯，需要經過更專業的單位來進行，也許這個單位不僅僅需要具備有這些國家的語言能力，也要具備有相當的軟體知識，才能配合當地民情翻譯出正確的文字，這部分往往需要專業的翻譯單位來進行。
而專業的翻譯單位通常並不具有軟體的製作能力，所以在軟體上要如何快速地進行協同作業，就變成一項非常重要的工作，而在許多專案上，我們會讓翻譯單位透過Excel來提供各國語系的翻譯文字，我們則透過軟體進行轉換，將其轉換至軟體能快速讀取的格式，講白一點就是將Excel檔案轉換成XML格式，並提供其他軟體進行讀取。
整體流程會如上圖所示，在拿到一個翻譯社提供所有語系的Excel資料後，我們會進行轉換，將文字轉換成多個XML檔案，並打包成一個ZIP檔讓轉換者進行下載。
今天我們主要來分享上圖藍色部分的處理程序，也就是那一隻轉換程式的結構和做法，我們將轉換程式設計成網頁版本，藉此提升易用性，而轉換程式操作Flow大致如下：
- 使用者上傳檔案（限制僅能上傳Excel檔案）
- 給出ZIP下載連結（提供使用者下載所有語系的XML檔）
操作上非常簡單，僅有上述這兩個步驟，而程式設計上採用JSP架構其運作邏輯如下：
- 檢查上傳檔案的格式、容量及相關資訊
- 擷取Excel中第一張工作表（也可以依照工作表名稱擷取）
- 將Excel中第一列視為語系標題，並當作存檔名稱（例如：English.xml）
- 將剩下來的每一列轉換為該檔案的語系資料，並建立XML檔案
- 將所有建立好的XML檔案進行打包（ZIP）
- 更新頁面產生ZIP檔下載路徑
在該轉換程式中，另外有利用到下述的JAVA Library：
- Apache POI – 處理與解析Excel檔案
- DOM4J – 建立XML檔案
- Apache Commons – 處理檔案上傳
以下是轉換的程式碼：
<%@ page contentType="text/html; charset=UTF-8"%>
<%@ page import="java.io.File"%>
<%@ page import="java.text.*" %>
<%@ page import="java.util.*" %>
<%@ page import="java.util.Iterator"%>
<%@ page import="java.util.List"%>
<%@ page import="org.apache.commons.fileupload.*"%>
<%@ page import="org.apache.commons.io.FilenameUtils"%>
<%@ page import="java.util.zip.ZipEntry"%>
<%@ page import="java.util.zip.ZipOutputStream"%>
<%@ page import="java.io.FileInputStream"%>
<%@ page import="java.io.FileOutputStream"%>
<%@ page import="java.io.IOException"%>
<%@ page import="java.io.OutputStreamWriter"%>
<%@ page import="java.nio.charset.Charset"%>
<%@ page import="org.apache.poi.hssf.usermodel.HSSFRow"%>
<%@ page import="org.apache.poi.hssf.usermodel.HSSFSheet"%>
<%@ page import="org.apache.poi.hssf.usermodel.HSSFWorkbook"%>
<%@ page import="org.dom4j.io.OutputFormat"%>
<%@ page import="org.dom4j.io.XMLWriter"%>
<%@ page import="org.dom4j.Document"%>
<%@ page import="org.dom4j.DocumentHelper"%>
<%@ page import="org.dom4j.Element"%>
<%!
//允許上傳的檔案
String allowedFileTypes = ".xls";
//建立目錄
public void newFolder(String folderPath) {
try {
String filePath = folderPath;
filePath = filePath.toString();
java.io.File myFilePath = new java.io.File(filePath);
if (!myFilePath.exists()) {
myFilePath.mkdir();
}
}
catch(Exception e) {
System.out.println("建立目錄錯誤");
//e.printStackTrace();
}
}
// 轉換XLS為XML的主程式 ; 參數1.欲轉換的Excel工作表編號; 參數2.轉換的檔案路徑與檔名; 參數3.XML儲存的檔案路徑;
public static String convertSheet(int sheetNumber, String conversionFile, String conversionXMLFilePath) {
String convertStatus = "0"; // 輸出轉換狀態 ; 0 是失敗; 1是成功
String conversionXMLFileName = null; // XML檔名
String conversionXMLFile = null; // XML完整路徑與檔名
// 產生儲存XML檔案的資料夾
File file = new File(conversionXMLFilePath);
if(!file.exists()){
file.mkdirs();
}
// 開始讀取XLS檔案
HSSFWorkbook book = null;
try {
book = new HSSFWorkbook(new FileInputStream(conversionFile));
} catch (IOException e) {
System.out.println("IOException : " + e);
}
HSSFSheet sheet = book.getSheetAt(sheetNumber); // 打開對應編號的工作表
HSSFRow row = sheet.getRow(0);// 取得工作表的第一列資料
String cell;
int totalRows = sheet.getPhysicalNumberOfRows(); // 取得工作表中所有的列數
int totalCol = row.getPhysicalNumberOfCells(); // 取的工作表中所有的欄數
// 開始建立XML檔並將XLS內容建入
for (int j = 1; j < totalCol; j++){
Document document = DocumentHelper.createDocument();
Element root = document.addElement("root");
for (int i = 0; i < totalRows; i++){
row = sheet.getRow(i);
try {
cell = row.getCell(j).toString();
if(i==0) {
conversionXMLFileName = cell;
conversionXMLFile = conversionXMLFilePath + conversionXMLFileName + ".xml";
}else {
root.addElement("row_" + (i+1)).addCDATA(cell);
/*
if(sheetNumber == 0) {
root.addElement("tag_" + (i-1), cell);
}else {
root.addElement(xmlKeyboardTitle[(i-1)], cell);
}
*/
}
} catch (NullPointerException e) {
break;
}
}
File storedFile = new File(conversionXMLFile);
if(storedFile.exists())
storedFile.delete();
FileOutputStream fos = null;
OutputStreamWriter osw = null;
XMLWriter writer = null;
try {
storedFile.createNewFile();
OutputFormat format = OutputFormat.createPrettyPrint();
format.setEncoding("utf-8");
fos = new FileOutputStream(storedFile);
osw = new OutputStreamWriter(fos, Charset.forName("utf-8"));
writer = new XMLWriter(osw, format);
writer.write(document);
} catch (IOException e) {
System.out.println("IOException : " + e);
} finally {
try {
if(writer != null) writer.close();
if(osw != null) osw.close();
if(fos != null) fos.close();
convertStatus = "1";
} catch (IOException e) {
System.out.println("IOException : " + e);
}
}
}
return convertStatus; // 回覆轉換狀態
}
List<String> filesListInDir = new ArrayList<String>();
public void zipDirectory(File dir, String zipDirName) {
filesListInDir = new ArrayList<String>();
try {
populateFilesList(dir);
//now zip files one by one
//create ZipOutputStream to write to the zip file
FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream(zipDirName);
ZipOutputStream zos = new ZipOutputStream(fos);
for(String filePath : filesListInDir){
System.out.println("Zipping "+filePath);
//for ZipEntry we need to keep only relative file path, so we used substring on absolute path
ZipEntry ze = new ZipEntry(filePath.substring(dir.getAbsolutePath().length()+1, filePath.length()));
zos.putNextEntry(ze);
//read the file and write to ZipOutputStream
FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream(filePath);
byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
int len;
while ((len = fis.read(buffer)) > 0) {
zos.write(buffer, 0, len);
}
zos.closeEntry();
fis.close();
}
zos.close();
fos.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
private void populateFilesList(File dir) throws IOException {
File[] files = dir.listFiles();
for(File file : files){
if(file.isFile()) filesListInDir.add(file.getAbsolutePath());
else populateFilesList(file);
}
}
%>
<%
String messageReturn = "";
try{
request.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");
DiskFileUpload fileUpload = new DiskFileUpload();
List<FileItem> fileItems = fileUpload.parseRequest(request);
FileItem fileItem = fileItems.get(0);
//原始上傳檔案名稱
String originalFileName = fileItem.getName();
//out.print("originalFileName : " + originalFileName + "<br>");
if (originalFileName != null && !"".equals(originalFileName)) {
originalFileName = FilenameUtils.getName(originalFileName);
String extension = FilenameUtils.getExtension(originalFileName);
//判斷檔案格式是否允許
//out.print("extension : " + extension + "<br>");
if (allowedFileTypes.indexOf(extension.toLowerCase()) != -1) {
String filePath = this.getServletContext().getRealPath(request.getRequestURI().substring(request.getContextPath().length()));
String savePath = new File(filePath).getParent() + "/upload";
//out.println("savePath = " + savePath + "<br>");
newFolder(savePath);
String savePathAndName = savePath + "/" + originalFileName;
//out.print(savePathAndName);
File f = new File(savePathAndName);
if(!f.exists()){
f.createNewFile();
}
fileItem.write(f);
//messageReturn += "File path : " + savePath + "<br>";
String xmlSavePath = savePath + "/xml/";
//messageReturn += "xmlSavePath : " + xmlSavePath + "<br>";
if("1".equals(convertSheet(0, savePathAndName , xmlSavePath))){
messageReturn += "File converted successfully.<br>";
}else{
messageReturn += "File conversion failed.<br>";
};
/*
xmlSavePath = savePath + "/xml/keyboard/";
if("1".equals(convertSheet(1, savePathAndName , xmlSavePath))){
messageReturn += "Keyboard sheet conversion succeeded.<br>";
}else{
messageReturn += "Keyboard sheet conversion fail.<br>";
};
*/
java.io.File myDelFile = new java.io.File(savePath + "/All.zip");
myDelFile.delete();
zipDirectory(new File(savePath + "/xml/"), savePath + "/All.zip");
messageReturn += "<a href='upload/All.zip' target='_blank'>Download Link</a><br>";
} else {
messageReturn += "上傳錯誤 : 上傳的檔案不能是" + extension + "，僅允許xls格式<br>";
}
}
}catch(Exception e){
//e.printStackTrace();
}
%>
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="ie=edge">
<title>AIOT CC Multi-Language Convertion Tool</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://stackpath.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/4.1.3/css/bootstrap.min.css" integrity="sha384-MCw98/SFnGE8fJT3GXwEOngsV7Zt27NXFoaoApmYm81iuXoPkFOJwJ8ERdknLPMO" crossorigin="anonymous">
<style>
*{
font-family: 微軟正黑體;
}
h2{
text-align: center;
}
.marginBottom20{
margin-bottom: 20px;
}
#uploadBtn{
margin: auto;
display: block;
}
#messageDiv{
color: red;
text-align:center;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div class="container">
<h2 class="marginBottom20">AIOT CC Multi-Language Convertion Tool</h2>
<div class="form-group text-center">
<form name="upload" enctype="multipart/form-data" method="post" action="index.jsp" onsubmit="return check_select()">
<input type="file" name="file" id="file" size="60" maxlength="20" placeholder="*.xls" class="marginBottom20">
<input id="uploadBtn" type="submit" value="轉換" class="btn btn-primary">
</form>
</div>
<div id="messageDiv"><% out.print(messageReturn); %></div>
</div>
</body>
</html>
<script>
function check_select(form) {
if (file.value == "") {
alert("請選擇檔案");
return false;
} else {
// document.getElementById("uploadBtn").disabled = true;
//document.getElementById("msgDiv").innerHTML = "檔案上傳中，請稍候";
return true;
}
}
</script>
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Remote and rugged
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A more organic way to see this coast is by the multi-day coastal ferry, the long-running Sarfaq Ittuk, of the Arctic Umiaq Line. It’s less corporate than the modern cruise ships and travelers get to meet Inuit commuters. Greenland is pricey. Lettuce in a local community store might cost $10, but this coastal voyage won’t break the bank.
The hot ticket currently for exploring Greenland’s wilder side is to head to the east coast facing Europe. It’s raw and sees far fewer tourists, with a harshly dramatic coastline of fjords where icebergs drift south. There are no roads and the scattered population of just over 3,500 people inhabit a coastline roughly the distance from New York to Denver.
A growing number of small expedition vessels probe this remote coast for its frosted scenery and wildlife. Increasingly popular is the world’s largest fjord system of Scoresby Sound with its sharp-fanged mountains and hanging valleys choked by glaciers. Sailing north is the prosaically named North East Greenland National Park, fabulous for spotting wildlife on the tundra.
Travelers come to see polar bears which, during the northern hemisphere’s summer, move closer to land as the sea-ice melts. There are also musk oxen, great flocks of migrating geese, Arctic foxes and walrus.
Some of these animals are fair game for the local communities. Perhaps Greenland’s most interesting cultural visit is to a village that will take longer to learn how to pronounce than actually walk around — Ittoqqortoormiit. Five hundred miles north of its neighboring settlement, the 345 locals are frozen in for nine months of the year. Ships sail in to meet them during the brief summer melt between June and August.
Locked in by ice, they’ve retained traditional habits.
“My parents hunt nearly all their food,” said Mette Barselajsen, who owns Ittoqqortoormiit’s only guesthouse. “They prefer the old ways, burying it in the ground to ferment and preserve it. Just one muskox can bring 440 pounds of meat.”
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Why there’s a huge collection of vintage cars stored in the middle of the desert
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Back at the turn of the 21st century, Qatar was a country with few cultural attractions to keep visitors and residents entertained. Yet the Sheikh Faisal Bin Qassim Al Thani Museum — known as the FBQ Museum — was a place that most people visited as an alternative to the then-still rather ramshackle National Museum of Qatar.
You had to make an appointment, and drive out into the desert, getting lost a few times along the way, but then you were welcomed to the lush Al Samriya Farm with a cup of tea and some cake. The highlight was being allowed into a space crammed full with shelves and vitrines holding all sorts of eclectic artifacts from swords to coins — with the odd car and carriage standing in the grounds.
It wasn’t necessarily the kind of museum you’d find elsewhere in the world, but it was definitely a sight that needed seeing.
Today, it has grown and now claims to be one of the world’s largest private museums. It holds over 30,000 items, including a fleet of traditional dhow sailboats, and countless carpets. There’s also an entire house that once stood in Damascus, Syria.
There are archaeological finds dating to the Jurassic age, ancient copies of the Quran, a section that details the importance of pearling within Qatar’s history, and jewelry dating to the 17th century.
There are also items from 2022’s FIFA World Cup in Qatar including replica trophies, balls used in the games, entry passes, football jerseys and even shelves full of slightly creepy dolls and children’s plush animals.
Some of the more disturbing exhibits include various items of Third Reich paraphernalia in the wartime room, and, strangely enough, several showcases of birds’ legs with marking rings on them. Basically, whatever you can think of, you have a very good chance of finding it here.
Rumor even has it that behind a locked door is a room filled with the late Princess Diana’s dresses and other memorabilia, accessible only to a select few visitors. Another door hides a room, no longer open to the public, filled with collectibles of the late Saddam Hussein.
Cette page est donc accessible uniquement aux visiteurs du Canada, de Suisse ou de Belgique, qui sont à la recherche de sites de jeux pour se divertir en ligne. Remo Stars lost 3-0 on penalties to Ijebu United in the final of the Ogun State FA Cup, the regional qualifying tournament where both finalists qualify for the National FA Cup competition. CasinoDoc ne peut être tenu responsable des pertes éventuelles – Pour que le jeu reste un plaisir, ne pariez jamais que l’argent que vous pouvez perdre. Pour calculer le nombre global d’étoiles et la ventilation en pourcentage par étoile, nous n’utilisons pas une simple moyenne. Au lieu de cela, notre système prend en compte des éléments tels que la date récente d’un commentaire et si l’auteur de l’avis a acheté l’article sur Amazon. Les avis sont également analysés pour vérifier leur fiabilité.
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Tesla is bringing its electric cars to oil-rich Saudi Arabia amid falling global sales
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Tesla will start selling its electric vehicles in Saudi Arabia, entering the Gulf region’s largest economy as the company’s global sales are sliding and CEO Elon Musk courts controversy with his role in the US government.
The carmaker announced Wednesday that it would host a launch event in the kingdom on April 10, where it will showcase its EVs. Attendees will also have the chance to “experience the future of autonomous driving with Cybercab and meet Optimus, our humanoid robot, as we showcase what’s next in AI and robotics,” Tesla (TSLA) said.
Tesla may struggle to gain market share in oil-rich Saudi Arabia as EVs make up a little over 1% of all car sales in the country, according to a report by consultancy PwC published in September.
Tesla’s entry into the new market comes as the company fights battles on several fronts.
Last year, it recorded the first annual decline in sales in its history as a public company, posting a drop of 1%.
The company is facing intensifying competition in China, the world’s largest auto market. On Tuesday, BYD, a Chinese maker of electric and hybrid cars, reported $107 billion in annual sales for 2024, beating the near-$98 billion notched by Tesla.
And last week, BYD unveiled an ultra-fast charging system, which it said was capable of adding 250 miles (402 km) of range in just five minutes, easily outdoing Tesla’s charging technology. Tesla’s Superchargers take 15 minutes to charge an EV, providing a range of 200 miles.
Tesla has also suffered slumping sales in Europe. In February, the carmaker sold around 40% fewer vehicles on the continent compared with the same month in 2024, according to the European Automobile Manufacturers’ Association.
While the Cumberland sample may contain longer chains of fatty acids, SAM is not designed to detect them. But SAM’s ability to spot these larger molecules suggests it could detect similar chemical signatures of past life on Mars if they’re present, Williams said.
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“Curiosity is not a life detection mission,” Freissinet said. “Curiosity is a habitability detection mission to know if all the conditions were right … for life to evolve. Having these results, it’s really at the edge of the capabilities of Curiosity, and it’s even maybe better than what we had expected from this mission.”
Before sending missions to Mars, scientists didn’t think organic molecules would be found on the red planet because of the intensity of radiation Mars has long endured, Glavin said.
Curiosity won’t return to Yellowknife Bay during its mission, but there are still pristine pieces of the Cumberland sample aboard. Next, the team wants to design a new experiment to see what it can detect. If the team can identify similar long-chain molecules, it would mark another step forward that might help researchers determine their origins, Freissinet said.
“That’s the most precious sample we have on board … waiting for us to run the perfect experiment on it,” she said. “It holds secrets, and we need to decipher the secrets.”
Briony Horgan, coinvestigator on the Perseverance rover mission and professor of planetary science at Purdue University in West Lafayette, Indiana, called the detection “a big win for the whole team.” Horgan was not involved the study.
“This detection really confirms our hopes that sediments laid down in ancient watery environments on Mars could preserve a treasure trove of organic molecules that can tell us about everything from prebiotic processes and pathways for the origin of life, to potential biosignatures from ancient organisms,” Horgan said.
Dr. Ben K.D. Pearce, assistant professor in Purdue’s department of Earth, atmospheric, and planetary sciences and leader of the Laboratory for Origins and Astrobiology Research, called the findings “arguably the most exciting organic detection to date on Mars.” Pearce did not participate in the research.
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Arctic auroras
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For getting around during winter, the Inuit here nowadays prefer snowmobiles, although they still keep their sled dogs. During winter they’ll offer intrepid visitors, wrapped up warm against the deep-freeze temperatures, dog-sledding jaunts. These can last either an hour or be part of expeditions over several days, sometimes with the added experience of learning how to build an igloo. Sisimiut on the west coast and Tasilaq in the southeast are active winter centers for dog sledding.
Winter’s most stellar attraction, though, is northern lights watching. With little urban light pollution, Greenland is a dark canvas for spectacular displays, and aurora borealis-watching vacations are becoming more popular.
Staying outdoors, Greenland is developing a reputation among adventure enthusiasts: from long-distance skiing expeditions and heliskiing on the icecap to hiking the 100-mile-long Arctic Circle Trail from Kangerslussuaq, where firearms need to be carried for warning shots in case of polar bear encounters.
Life is definitely changing here. The climate crisis is eating away at its icecap and Greenland may well end up as a pawn in a game of geopolitical chess. But for now, the bright glare of international attention should shine a favorable light on one of the wildest travel destinations on Earth.
Travel writer Mark Stratton is an Arctic specialist who has traveled to Greenland six times and counting. He’s marveled at the aurora borealis, sailed to Disko Island, dog-sledded with the Inuit, and once got stuck in an icefloe.
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Curiosity has maintained pristine pieces of the Cumberland sample in a “doggy bag” so that the team could have the rover revisit it later, even miles away from the site where it was collected. The team developed and tested innovative methods in its lab on Earth before sending messages to the rover to try experiments on the sample.
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In a quest to see whether amino acids, the building blocks of proteins, existed in the sample, the team instructed the rover to heat up the sample twice within SAM’s oven. When it measured the mass of the molecules released during heating, there weren’t any amino acids, but they found something entirely unexpected.
An intriguing detection
The team was surprised to detect small amounts of decane, undecane and dodecane, so it had to conduct a reverse experiment on Earth to determine whether these organic compounds were the remnants of the fatty acids undecanoic acid, dodecanoic acid and tridecanoic acid, respectively.
The scientists mixed undecanoic acid into a clay similar to what exists on Mars and heated it up in a way that mimicked conditions within SAM’s oven. The undecanoic acid released decane, just like what Curiosity detected.
Each fatty acid remnant detected by Curiosity was made with a long chain of 11 to 13 carbon atoms. Previous molecules detected on Mars were smaller, meaning their atomic weight was less than the molecules found in the new study, and simpler.
“It’s notable that non-biological processes typically make shorter fatty acids, with less than 12 carbons,” said study coauthor Dr. Amy Williams, associate professor of geology at the University of Florida and assistant director of the Astraeus Space Institute, in an email. “Larger and more complex molecules are likely what are required for an origin of life, if it ever occurred on Mars.”
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‘For the public to enjoy’
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The museum’s history starts in 1998, when Sheikh Faisal Bin Qassim Al Thani opened a building to the public on his farm some 20 kilometers (12 miles) north of Qatari capital Doha.
A distant relative of Qatar’s ruling family, founder and chairman of Al Faisal Holdings (one of Qatar’s biggest conglomerates), and a billionaire whose business acumen had him recognized as one of the most influential Arab businessmen in the world, Sheikh Faisal had already amassed a substantial private collection of historically important regional artifacts, plus a few quirky pieces of interest, allowing visitors an intimate look into Qatari life and history.
In an interview with Qatari channel Alrayyan TV in 2018, Sheikh Faisal said that the museum started as a hobby.
“I used to collect items whenever I got the chance,” he said. “As my business grew, so did my collections, and soon I was able to collect more and more items until I decided to put them in the museum for the public to enjoy.”
His private cabinet of curiosities has since evolved into a 130-acre complex. Through the fort-like entrance gate lies an oryx reserve, an impressive riding school and stables, a duck pond and a mosque built with a quirky leaning minaret. There’s now even a five-star Marriott hotel, two cafes and the Zoufa restaurant serving modern Lebanese cuisine.
Of course, there’s also the super-sized museum, with a recently-opened car collection housing everything from vintage Rolls-Royces to wartime Jeeps and colorful Buicks. Outside you’ll find peacocks roaming the grounds, and signs warning drivers to be aware of horses and ostriches.
Visitors to the FBQ museum are free to explore the grounds and can even enter the stables to pat the horses.
Iceberg flotillas
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Located on the west coast, Ilulissat is a pretty halibut- and prawn-fishing port on a dark rock bay where visitors can sit in pubs sipping craft beers chill-filtered by 100,000-year-old glacial ice.
It’s a place to be awed by the UNESCO World Heritage Icefjord where Manhattan skyscraper-sized icebergs disgorge from Greenland’s icecap to float like ghostly ships in the surrounding Disko Bay.
Small boats take visitors out to sail closely among the bay’s magnificent iceberg flotilla. But not too close.
“I was on my boat once and saw one of these icebergs split in two. The pieces fell backwards into the sea and created a giant wave,” said David Karlsen, skipper of the pleasure-boat, Katak. “…I didn’t hang around.”
Disko Bay’s other giants are whales. From June to September breaching humpback whales join the likes of fin and minke whales feasting on plankton. Whale-watching is excellent all around Greenland’s craggy coastline.
Whales are eaten here. Visitors shouldn’t be surprised to encounter the traditional Greenlandic delicacy of mattak — whale-skin and blubber that when tasted is akin to chewing on rubber. Inuit communities have quotas to not only hunt the likes of narwhals but also polar bears, musk-ox and caribou — which can also appear on menus.
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A long time in the making
Curiosity landed in Gale Crater on August 6, 2012. More than 12 years later, the rover has driven over 21 miles (34 kilometers) to ascend Mount Sharp, which is within the crater. The feature’s many layers preserve millions of years of geological history on Mars, showing how it shifted from a wet to a dry environment.
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Perhaps one of the most valuable samples Curiosity has gathered on its mission to understand whether Mars was ever habitable was collected in May 2013.
The rover drilled the Cumberland sample from an area within a crater called Yellowknife Bay, which resembled an ancient lake bed. The rocks from Yellowknife Bay so intrigued Curiosity’s science team that it had the rover drive in the opposite direction to collect samples from the area before heading to Mount Sharp.
Since collecting the Cumberland sample, Curiosity has used SAM to study it in a variety of ways, revealing that Yellowknife Bay was once the site of an ancient lake where clay minerals formed in water. The mudstone created an environment that could concentrate and preserve organic molecules and trapped them inside the fine grains of the sedimentary rock.
Freissinet helped lead a research team in 2015 that was able to identify organic molecules within the Cumberland sample.
The instrument detected an abundance of sulfur, which can be used to preserve organic molecules; nitrates, which are essential for plant and animal health on Earth; and methane composed of a type of carbon associated with biological processes on Earth.
“There is evidence that liquid water existed in Gale Crater for millions of years and probably much longer, which means there was enough time for life-forming chemistry to happen in these crater-lake environments on Mars,” said study coauthor Daniel Glavin, senior scientist for sample return at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, in a statement.
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Everyone is talking about Greenland. Here’s what it’s like to visit
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A few months ago, Greenland was quietly getting on with winter, as the territory slid deeper into the darkness that envelops the world’s northerly reaches at this time of year.
But President Donald Trump’s musings about America taking over this island of 56,000 largely Inuit people, halfway between New York and Moscow, has seen Greenland shaken from its frozen Arctic anonymity.
Denmark, for whom Greenland is an autonomous crown dependency, has protested it’s not for sale. Officials in Greenland, meanwhile, have sought to assert the territory’s right to independence.
The conversation continues to intensify. A contentious March 28 visit to a US military installation by Usha Vance, the second lady, accompanied by her husband, Vice President JD Vance, was the latest in a series of events to focus attention on Trump’s ambitions for Greenland.
The visit was originally planned as a cultural exchange, but was shortened following complaints from Greenland Prime Minister Mute B. Egede.
Had the Vances prolonged their scheduled brief visit, they would’ve discovered a ruggedly pristine wildernesses steeped in rich Indigenous culture.
An inhospitable icecap several miles deep covers 80% of Greenland, forcing the Inuit to dwell along the shorelines in brightly painted communities. Here, they spend brutally cold winters hunting seals on ice under the northern lights in near perpetual darkness. Although these days, they can also rely on community stores.
The problem for travelers over the years has been getting to Greenland via time-consuming indirect flights. That’s changing. Late in 2024, the capital Nuuk opened a long-delayed international airport. From June 2025, United Airlines will be operating a twice-weekly direct service from Newark to Nuuk.
Two further international airports are due to open by 2026 — Qaqortoq in South Greenland and more significantly in Ilulissat, the island’s only real tourism hotspot.
Curiosity rover makes ‘arguably the most exciting organic detection to date on Mars’
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The NASA Curiosity rover has detected the largest organic molecules found to date on Mars, opening a window into the red planet’s past. The newly detected compounds suggest complex organic chemistry may have occurred in the planet’s past — the kind necessary for the origin of life, according to new research.
The organic compounds, which include decane, undecane and dodecane, came to light after the rover analyzed a pulverized 3.7 billion-year-old rock sample using its onboard mini lab called SAM, short for Sample Analysis at Mars.
Scientists believe the long chains of molecules could be fragments of fatty acids, which are organic molecules that are chemical building blocks of life on Earth and help form cell membranes. But such compounds can also be formed without the presence of life, created when water interacts with minerals in hydrothermal vents.
The molecules cannot currently be confirmed as evidence of past life on the red planet, but they add to the growing list of compounds that robotic explorers have discovered on Mars in recent years. A study detailing the findings was published Monday in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
The detection of the fragile molecules also encourages astrobiologists that if any biosignatures, or past signs of life, ever existed on Mars, they are likely still detectable despite the harsh solar radiation that has bombarded the planet for tens of millions of years.
“Ancient life, if it happened on Mars, it would have released some complex and fragile molecules,” said lead study author Dr. Caroline Freissinet, research scientist at the French National Centre for Scientific Research in the Laboratory for Atmospheres, Observations, and Space in Guyancourt, France. “And because now we know that Mars can preserve these complex and fragile molecules, it means that we could detect ancient life on Mars.”
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