網頁前端自動化工具 – Grunt
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今天為各位介紹的是一個前端工程師所使用的自動化工具「Grunt」，為何我們要使用這個工具呢？其實使用這個工具的原因有很多，因為他的擴充模組（Plugin）也很多，不過今天馬老師從自動最小化（Minify）的角度來介紹這個工具該如何使用。
一般來說前端網頁開發不外乎HTML、CSS、Javascript這三種語法，而在開發完成之後，為了要節省流量，我們可能會把這三個檔案壓縮後再上傳到網站伺服器上，何謂壓縮請參考下圖：
 未經壓縮的HTML檔 |
 經過壓縮的HTML檔 |
 未經壓縮的CSS檔 |
 經過壓縮的CSS檔 |
 未經壓縮的JS檔 |
 經過壓縮的JS檔 |
從上面的檔案可以觀察出在開發時我們為了閱讀的便利，常常會利用註解、空白…等來輔助，但真正發佈出去這些東西卻不是必要的，甚至在開發的時候我們為了方面會把CSS或JS拆成好幾個檔案，但發佈之後卻希望可以合併，但如果需要人工來做這件事，可想而知會有多麻煩，這個時候Grunt就會發揮效用了，設定好之後只要一個指令，他就可以幫我們做好這些動作，接下來就來看看該如何使用吧。
首先Grunt是一個基於node.js下的應用程序，所以必須先安裝node.js，安裝的部分並不難，從官網下載後直接執行安裝即可。
Node.js 官方網站 截圖
接下來可以參考Grunt網站中Getting Started的單元，或是跟著以下（以Windows為案例）的方式進行Grunt的安裝。
- 打開「命令提示字元」。
- 輸入「npm install -g grunt-cli」。
- 接下來就可以準備網頁專案資料夾了，如下圖所示，我的網頁專案資料夾簡單分成兩個：
- src：所有開發檔案
- public：發佈至網路上的檔案
準備專案資料夾
- 這樣準備的目的應該很清楚，就是希望在src資料夾內以自己最習慣、最方便閱讀的方式來開發，而開發完畢之後可以把壓縮的檔案轉至public資料夾，上傳到伺服器上。
有關於網頁內容開發的部分，本篇文章就省略，所以可以看到上面圖檔中我已經準備好了HTML、CSS、JS各一個，直接進入利用Grunt開始做自動最小化的部分。
- 使用Grunt時，必須在網站根目錄建立兩個檔案：
- package.json：Grunt的專案設定檔，其中可以包含專案名稱、作者、版本，所需要使用的Plugin…等，可以參考下面我的檔案。
- Grunt.js：Grunt的執行腳本，以本案例來說就是要去哪個資料夾，壓縮哪些檔案後存放在哪邊，需在本檔案中指定。
{ "name": "gruntTest", "version": "0.1.0", "author": "Stanley Ma", "devDependencies": { "grunt": "~0.4.5", "grunt-contrib-htmlmin": "~0.4.0", "grunt-contrib-cssmin": "~0.13.0", "grunt-contrib-uglify": "~0.9.2" } }以上面的package.json檔案來說，定義了專案名稱、作者、版本以及所需要使用的Grunt版本（撰文時Grunt穩定版為0.4.5）和Plugin列表，因為開頭有提到，本案例以最小化的角度來介紹Grunt，所以用到的三個Plugin分別為：
- grunt-contrib-htmlmin：最小化HTML檔。
- grunt-contrib-cssmin：最小化CSS檔。
- grunt-contrib-uglify：最小化JS檔。
- 接下來利用Grunt的專案設定檔來安裝所需要的Grunt和各個外掛，利用「命令提示字元」進入網頁專案的根目錄，輸入「npm install」，他就會在專案資料夾中安裝好所有需要的Plugin。
安裝 Grunt 後的專案資料夾
- 接下來就要開始準備撰寫Grunt.js的執行腳本，大家可以參考我的專案檔案寫法：
module.exports = function (grunt) { grunt.initConfig({ htmlmin: { Target: { options: { removeComments: true, collapseWhitespace: true, removeEmptyAttributes: true, }, files: { 'public/index.html': 'src/index.html', } } }, cssmin: { target: { files: { 'public/index.css': 'src/index.css' } } }, uglify: { target: { files: { 'public/index.js': 'src/index.js' } } } }); grunt.loadNpmTasks('grunt-contrib-htmlmin'); grunt.loadNpmTasks('grunt-contrib-cssmin'); grunt.loadNpmTasks('grunt-contrib-uglify'); grunt.registerTask('default', ['htmlmin', 'cssmin', 'uglify']); };這樣的寫法會讓Grunt把在src裡面的三個檔案，分別壓縮後複製一份到public的資料夾中，確定資料夾和檔案無誤之後，繼續下一步動作。
- 利用「命令提示字元」進入網頁專案的根目錄，輸入「grunt」之後，出現以下的畫面表示成功。
Grunt 執行成功
- 本案例利用三個Grunt的Plugin完成，分別是：「grunt-contrib-htmlmin」、「grunt-contrib-cssmin」、「grunt-contrib-uglify」，其實這三個外掛都有一些其他的參數，另外也可以進行多檔案的批次轉換以及檔案合併…等等功能，建議有需要的同學可以到Plugin各自的網站上去看看使用方式。
附帶一提，一開始就有提到關於Grunt自動化的Plugin非常多，本文僅用到了三個，這裡有Plugin的列表，對這方面有興趣的同學們也歡迎到網站上看更多相關的自動化功能。
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One of the best things that can happen to a zoo or aquarium is for one of their resident animals to go viral.
Just look at the multi-hour-long lines to see Moo Deng, a pygmy hippo in Thailand who has become an internet sensation following her July 2024 birth. The sassy animal is now a full-on brand, with Khao Kheow Open Zoo selling Moo Deng merchandise and even releasing a single “by” the hippo in multiple languages.
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It’s normal for king penguins to lose their feathers by the time they’re about a year old and become confident swimmers. As a result, a spokesperson for the aquarium says, guests have started asking why Pesto looks different — or why they can’t find him at all.
“We are getting a few guests thinking we have moved him off display completely,” says the spokesperson. “Most of the team’s time is spent pointing him out to guests because he looks so different now.”
The bottom line is that cute baby animals make money.
Admission tickets are only the beginning. Many zoos and aquariums offer special “behind the scenes” or “zookeeper for a day” packages at much higher prices. At Sea Life Melbourne, standard entry tickets for adults start at $51, while the Penguin Passport — which include a 45-minute tour of the birds’ area and a look at how their food is prepared — is $199.
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Scores of unexploded World War II bombs discovered under children’s playground
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Scores of unexploded bombs dating from World War II have been recovered from a children’s playground in northern England after a chance discovery.
Local officials in the town of Wooler, Northumberland called in bomb disposal experts after workers involved in a planned overhaul of Scotts Play Park found unexploded ordnance, the parish council said in a statement sent to CNN on Monday.
Two bombs were initially removed by the British Army, the UK Ministry of Defense said in a statement. The parish council was then advised that a full survey of the area was required, according to a council spokesperson.
Bomb disposal company Brimstone Site Investigation then uncovered 65 10-pound practice bombs and smoke cartridges on the first day of works, with a further 90 practice bombs recovered on the second day.
The company told CNN that the bombs date from World War II.
According to the parish council, all of the bombs need to be found and removed before the park can be reopened. It said 174 devices had been found so far.
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This year’s Super Bowl halftime show was hardly a fashion extravaganza, with headliner Kendrick Lamar keeping things simple in a backwards cap and motorbike-style varsity jacket, which he kept on throughout.
And without the costume-change roulette we’ve come to expect of halftime shows, the internet fixated on one item in particular: his jeans.
While not quite the bell-bottoms of decades past (the 1970s and the 2000s, specifically), the Compton-born rapper’s washed denim pants flared out at the knee and dragged beneath his heels along the stage at Caesars Superdrome in New Orleans. His silhouette stood in stark contrast to that of record producer Mustard, who made a brief cameo in a pair of outsized jeans straight from the West Coast hip-hop playbook.
Opinions were, as ever, divided on social media. Some users described Lamar’s flares as “women’s jeans” and “Hannah Montana pants,” earning him comparisons to everyone from Jennifer Aniston to country singer Lainey Wilson. Others joked that their moms were looking for a similar pair or that they nodded to millennials, for whom flares were a teenage staple.
But those suggesting his style was outdated, or gender-inappropriate, may not have been paying attention to the recent resurgence of flares — in both womenswear and menswear. After all, Lamar’s jeans were designed by one of the most influential figures in modern fashion, Celine’s former creative director Hedi Slimane, before he departed the French label in October.
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Is it getting hot in here, or is a gas-burner propelling a dirigible above our heads?
A California-based hot-air balloon company is offering mile-high flights – with amorous Mile-High Club privileges – over the Temecula countryside.
Guests can enjoy the views with a whole basket to themselves – and a privacy screen separating the pilot compartment from the passenger cabin.
The pilot, who Magical Adventure Balloon Rides promises will be wearing protective hearing gear and focused solely on flying, ascends the balloon to 5,280 feet (about 1,610 meters), which is about 2,000 feet higher than a typical recreational flight.
While intimate clinches are usually thoroughly discouraged in the skies, the company invites you to bring your own bedding and music playlist. A complimentary Champagne breakfast is included to fuel your frolics, of whatever sort.
Pricing for two passengers starts at $1,400. If your mantra is “the more the merrier,” each additional adult in the larger 10-person basket is $159.
The Mile-High Club flight is just one of a host of packages on offer, from wine tours to company picnics, the rest of which are considerably more family-friendly.
All by myself
Sometimes it can seem like the world is full of lovers floating high on cloud nine, but don’t fret if you’re going it alone this Valentine’s season: You’re bang on trend.
Millennials and Gen Z are breaking down the stigma attached to solo dining in an era when more Americans live alone than ever before. Some do it for convenience; some do it for freedom — either way, reservations for one are on the rise.
Once you’ve mastered dining alone, it’s time for bigger challenges, such as walking across Saudi Arabia. British explorer Alice Morrison, who has been called “Indiana Jones for girls,” is in the middle of her five-month trek of 2,500 kilometers (about 1,550 miles).
Others are opting for a permanent adventure. Californian Jason Bennett gave up his life in San Francisco for a new home in Colombia. Today he says his happiness is “off the charts.”
Most flights don’t want you joining the Mile-High Club. This company encourages it
kraken marketplace
In our travel news roundup this week: the rise in solo dining, where to save money at US ski resorts, plus the Californian hot-air balloon company offering a rather cheeky package.
Your love keeps lifting me higher
Is it getting hot in here, or is a gas-burner propelling a dirigible above our heads?
A California-based hot-air balloon company is offering mile-high flights – with amorous Mile-High Club privileges – over the Temecula countryside.
Guests can enjoy the views with a whole basket to themselves – and a privacy screen separating the pilot compartment from the passenger cabin.
The pilot, who Magical Adventure Balloon Rides promises will be wearing protective hearing gear and focused solely on flying, ascends the balloon to 5,280 feet (about 1,610 meters), which is about 2,000 feet higher than a typical recreational flight.
While intimate clinches are usually thoroughly discouraged in the skies, the company invites you to bring your own bedding and music playlist. A complimentary Champagne breakfast is included to fuel your frolics, of whatever sort.
Pricing for two passengers starts at $1,400. If your mantra is “the more the merrier,” each additional adult in the larger 10-person basket is $159.
The Mile-High Club flight is just one of a host of packages on offer, from wine tours to company picnics, the rest of which are considerably more family-friendly.
All by myself
Sometimes it can seem like the world is full of lovers floating high on cloud nine, but don’t fret if you’re going it alone this Valentine’s season: You’re bang on trend.
Millennials and Gen Z are breaking down the stigma attached to solo dining in an era when more Americans live alone than ever before. Some do it for convenience; some do it for freedom — either way, reservations for one are on the rise.
Once you’ve mastered dining alone, it’s time for bigger challenges, such as walking across Saudi Arabia. British explorer Alice Morrison, who has been called “Indiana Jones for girls,” is in the middle of her five-month trek of 2,500 kilometers (about 1,550 miles).
Others are opting for a permanent adventure. Californian Jason Bennett gave up his life in San Francisco for a new home in Colombia. Today he says his happiness is “off the charts.”