網頁前端自動化工具 – Grunt
Grunt 網站截圖
今天為各位介紹的是一個前端工程師所使用的自動化工具「Grunt」，為何我們要使用這個工具呢？其實使用這個工具的原因有很多，因為他的擴充模組（Plugin）也很多，不過今天馬老師從自動最小化（Minify）的角度來介紹這個工具該如何使用。
一般來說前端網頁開發不外乎HTML、CSS、Javascript這三種語法，而在開發完成之後，為了要節省流量，我們可能會把這三個檔案壓縮後再上傳到網站伺服器上，何謂壓縮請參考下圖：
 未經壓縮的HTML檔 |
 經過壓縮的HTML檔 |
 未經壓縮的CSS檔 |
 經過壓縮的CSS檔 |
 未經壓縮的JS檔 |
 經過壓縮的JS檔 |
從上面的檔案可以觀察出在開發時我們為了閱讀的便利，常常會利用註解、空白…等來輔助，但真正發佈出去這些東西卻不是必要的，甚至在開發的時候我們為了方面會把CSS或JS拆成好幾個檔案，但發佈之後卻希望可以合併，但如果需要人工來做這件事，可想而知會有多麻煩，這個時候Grunt就會發揮效用了，設定好之後只要一個指令，他就可以幫我們做好這些動作，接下來就來看看該如何使用吧。
首先Grunt是一個基於node.js下的應用程序，所以必須先安裝node.js，安裝的部分並不難，從官網下載後直接執行安裝即可。
Node.js 官方網站 截圖
接下來可以參考Grunt網站中Getting Started的單元，或是跟著以下（以Windows為案例）的方式進行Grunt的安裝。
- 打開「命令提示字元」。
- 輸入「npm install -g grunt-cli」。
- 接下來就可以準備網頁專案資料夾了，如下圖所示，我的網頁專案資料夾簡單分成兩個：
- src：所有開發檔案
- public：發佈至網路上的檔案
準備專案資料夾
- 這樣準備的目的應該很清楚，就是希望在src資料夾內以自己最習慣、最方便閱讀的方式來開發，而開發完畢之後可以把壓縮的檔案轉至public資料夾，上傳到伺服器上。
有關於網頁內容開發的部分，本篇文章就省略，所以可以看到上面圖檔中我已經準備好了HTML、CSS、JS各一個，直接進入利用Grunt開始做自動最小化的部分。
- 使用Grunt時，必須在網站根目錄建立兩個檔案：
- package.json：Grunt的專案設定檔，其中可以包含專案名稱、作者、版本，所需要使用的Plugin…等，可以參考下面我的檔案。
- Grunt.js：Grunt的執行腳本，以本案例來說就是要去哪個資料夾，壓縮哪些檔案後存放在哪邊，需在本檔案中指定。
{ "name": "gruntTest", "version": "0.1.0", "author": "Stanley Ma", "devDependencies": { "grunt": "~0.4.5", "grunt-contrib-htmlmin": "~0.4.0", "grunt-contrib-cssmin": "~0.13.0", "grunt-contrib-uglify": "~0.9.2" } }以上面的package.json檔案來說，定義了專案名稱、作者、版本以及所需要使用的Grunt版本（撰文時Grunt穩定版為0.4.5）和Plugin列表，因為開頭有提到，本案例以最小化的角度來介紹Grunt，所以用到的三個Plugin分別為：
- grunt-contrib-htmlmin：最小化HTML檔。
- grunt-contrib-cssmin：最小化CSS檔。
- grunt-contrib-uglify：最小化JS檔。
- 接下來利用Grunt的專案設定檔來安裝所需要的Grunt和各個外掛，利用「命令提示字元」進入網頁專案的根目錄，輸入「npm install」，他就會在專案資料夾中安裝好所有需要的Plugin。
安裝 Grunt 後的專案資料夾
- 接下來就要開始準備撰寫Grunt.js的執行腳本，大家可以參考我的專案檔案寫法：
module.exports = function (grunt) { grunt.initConfig({ htmlmin: { Target: { options: { removeComments: true, collapseWhitespace: true, removeEmptyAttributes: true, }, files: { 'public/index.html': 'src/index.html', } } }, cssmin: { target: { files: { 'public/index.css': 'src/index.css' } } }, uglify: { target: { files: { 'public/index.js': 'src/index.js' } } } }); grunt.loadNpmTasks('grunt-contrib-htmlmin'); grunt.loadNpmTasks('grunt-contrib-cssmin'); grunt.loadNpmTasks('grunt-contrib-uglify'); grunt.registerTask('default', ['htmlmin', 'cssmin', 'uglify']); };這樣的寫法會讓Grunt把在src裡面的三個檔案，分別壓縮後複製一份到public的資料夾中，確定資料夾和檔案無誤之後，繼續下一步動作。
- 利用「命令提示字元」進入網頁專案的根目錄，輸入「grunt」之後，出現以下的畫面表示成功。
Grunt 執行成功
- 本案例利用三個Grunt的Plugin完成，分別是：「grunt-contrib-htmlmin」、「grunt-contrib-cssmin」、「grunt-contrib-uglify」，其實這三個外掛都有一些其他的參數，另外也可以進行多檔案的批次轉換以及檔案合併…等等功能，建議有需要的同學可以到Plugin各自的網站上去看看使用方式。
附帶一提，一開始就有提到關於Grunt自動化的Plugin非常多，本文僅用到了三個，這裡有Plugin的列表，對這方面有興趣的同學們也歡迎到網站上看更多相關的自動化功能。
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Water and life
Eth Mixer
Lightning is a dramatic display of electrical power, but it is also sporadic and unpredictable. Even on a volatile Earth billions of years ago, lightning may have been too infrequent to produce amino acids in quantities sufficient for life — a fact that has cast doubt on such theories in the past, Zare said.
Water spray, however, would have been more common than lightning. A more likely scenario is that mist-generated microlightning constantly zapped amino acids into existence from pools and puddles, where the molecules could accumulate and form more complex molecules, eventually leading to the evolution of life.
“Microdischarges between obviously charged water microdroplets make all the organic molecules observed previously in the Miller-Urey experiment,” Zare said. “We propose that this is a new mechanism for the prebiotic synthesis of molecules that constitute the building blocks of life.”
However, even with the new findings about microlightning, questions remain about life’s origins, he added. While some scientists support the notion of electrically charged beginnings for life’s earliest building blocks, an alternative abiogenesis hypothesis proposes that Earth’s first amino acids were cooked up around hydrothermal vents on the seafloor, produced by a combination of seawater, hydrogen-rich fluids and extreme pressure.
Yet another hypothesis suggests that organic molecules didn’t originate on Earth at all. Rather, they formed in space and were carried here by comets or fragments of asteroids, a process known as panspermia.
“We still don’t know the answer to this question,” Zare said. “But I think we’re closer to understanding something more about what could have happened.”
Though the details of life’s origins on Earth may never be fully explained, “this study provides another avenue for the formation of molecules crucial to the origin of life,” Williams said. “Water is a ubiquitous aspect of our world, giving rise to the moniker ‘Blue Marble’ to describe the Earth from space. Perhaps the falling of water, the most crucial element that sustains us, also played a greater role in the origin of life on Earth than we previously recognized.”
Water and life
Ethereum Mixer
Lightning is a dramatic display of electrical power, but it is also sporadic and unpredictable. Even on a volatile Earth billions of years ago, lightning may have been too infrequent to produce amino acids in quantities sufficient for life — a fact that has cast doubt on such theories in the past, Zare said.
Water spray, however, would have been more common than lightning. A more likely scenario is that mist-generated microlightning constantly zapped amino acids into existence from pools and puddles, where the molecules could accumulate and form more complex molecules, eventually leading to the evolution of life.
“Microdischarges between obviously charged water microdroplets make all the organic molecules observed previously in the Miller-Urey experiment,” Zare said. “We propose that this is a new mechanism for the prebiotic synthesis of molecules that constitute the building blocks of life.”
However, even with the new findings about microlightning, questions remain about life’s origins, he added. While some scientists support the notion of electrically charged beginnings for life’s earliest building blocks, an alternative abiogenesis hypothesis proposes that Earth’s first amino acids were cooked up around hydrothermal vents on the seafloor, produced by a combination of seawater, hydrogen-rich fluids and extreme pressure.
Yet another hypothesis suggests that organic molecules didn’t originate on Earth at all. Rather, they formed in space and were carried here by comets or fragments of asteroids, a process known as panspermia.
“We still don’t know the answer to this question,” Zare said. “But I think we’re closer to understanding something more about what could have happened.”
Though the details of life’s origins on Earth may never be fully explained, “this study provides another avenue for the formation of molecules crucial to the origin of life,” Williams said. “Water is a ubiquitous aspect of our world, giving rise to the moniker ‘Blue Marble’ to describe the Earth from space. Perhaps the falling of water, the most crucial element that sustains us, also played a greater role in the origin of life on Earth than we previously recognized.”
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Water and life
Eth Mixer
Lightning is a dramatic display of electrical power, but it is also sporadic and unpredictable. Even on a volatile Earth billions of years ago, lightning may have been too infrequent to produce amino acids in quantities sufficient for life — a fact that has cast doubt on such theories in the past, Zare said.
Water spray, however, would have been more common than lightning. A more likely scenario is that mist-generated microlightning constantly zapped amino acids into existence from pools and puddles, where the molecules could accumulate and form more complex molecules, eventually leading to the evolution of life.
“Microdischarges between obviously charged water microdroplets make all the organic molecules observed previously in the Miller-Urey experiment,” Zare said. “We propose that this is a new mechanism for the prebiotic synthesis of molecules that constitute the building blocks of life.”
However, even with the new findings about microlightning, questions remain about life’s origins, he added. While some scientists support the notion of electrically charged beginnings for life’s earliest building blocks, an alternative abiogenesis hypothesis proposes that Earth’s first amino acids were cooked up around hydrothermal vents on the seafloor, produced by a combination of seawater, hydrogen-rich fluids and extreme pressure.
Yet another hypothesis suggests that organic molecules didn’t originate on Earth at all. Rather, they formed in space and were carried here by comets or fragments of asteroids, a process known as panspermia.
“We still don’t know the answer to this question,” Zare said. “But I think we’re closer to understanding something more about what could have happened.”
Though the details of life’s origins on Earth may never be fully explained, “this study provides another avenue for the formation of molecules crucial to the origin of life,” Williams said. “Water is a ubiquitous aspect of our world, giving rise to the moniker ‘Blue Marble’ to describe the Earth from space. Perhaps the falling of water, the most crucial element that sustains us, also played a greater role in the origin of life on Earth than we previously recognized.”
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