網頁基本功

《網頁設計概述》

網頁設計目前分成前端工程(Front End)與後端工程(Back End)兩種,前端負責網頁上面的視覺結構(Visual structure)、動畫(Animation)與互動設計(Interactive Design),後端負責動態內容(Dynamic Content),本課程以前端工程為教學方向,故後端部分不著墨太多。

前端工程使用的語法大致分成三種:HTML(結構)、CSS(外觀)、Javascript(動畫、互動),簡單用一句英文形容「HTML holds the content in place, CSS makes it look pretty, Javascript Let it be controlled.」。

但嚴格來說HTML與CSS只是一些固定的英文標籤和屬性寫法,並不能稱為程式語言,因為其中不包含宣告變數、定義迴圈、條件判斷…等程式面的操作,簡言之就是沒有太多邏輯思考的部分,只要常使用就能夠了解,而Javascript才算是程式語法,它支援上述程式面的所有項目。

現在許多網頁為了便於瀏覽,會利用前端語法結合後端語法做資料更新呈現(AJAX、AJAJ),故網頁設計學習更好的是由前端開始學習,慢慢再進入後端的部分,反之亦然。

《前端語法概述》

HTML目前最新的版本為5,相對之前的版本增加了許多結構性標籤、SVG(網頁向量圖檔)和多媒體…等的支援,CSS目前最新的版本為3,相對之前的版本增加了許多動畫、視覺效果與字型的支援…等的支援。

網頁上除了結構和外觀之外,要讓它看起來更炫,就必須加上許多互動和動畫效果,這項任務在許多年之前大部分會交由Flash來負責,而當行動裝置越來越普及,Flash在網頁上逐漸式微、消失,Javascript重拾其網頁動畫與互動的任務,去年TIOBE公布的2014年程式語言排行榜就由Javascript奪冠(新聞頁)。

然而Javascript已經是一個相對比較舊的語法(1995年由Netscape提出),又有瀏覽器相容性的問題(每個瀏覽器支援的寫法不同),導致學習和撰寫上的困難,而,所以現在有非常多去改善Javascript的函數庫陸續推出,例如:jQuery、Knockout、AngularJS…等。

《後端語法概述》

後端語法大致上有:ASP、JSP和PHP…等,前端語法是由網頁伺服器傳送到使用者的瀏覽器後,由瀏覽器來解讀後顯示於畫面,由於這個工作原理,使用者可以在瀏覽器直接觀賞到網頁中所有的前端語法,而後端語法是使用者提出需求後,由伺服器來解讀該需求,處理該需求後,傳回前端語法給使用者,瀏覽器解讀後再呈現。

所以若我們要撰寫後端語法,就必須要架設可以解讀該語法的伺服器,而關於伺服器的架設非網頁設計的專業領域,所以我們架設的伺服器,僅供撰寫語法與測試語法使用,通常撰寫後的頁面,必須上傳到虛擬主機來讓廣大的使用者使用,對於安全性來說會比較有保障。

《開發工具》

網頁開發工具可以分成三大類:

  • 精靈類:主要利用軟體功能製作頁面,幾乎不需要撰寫程式碼,適合視覺設計師使用。
  • 工具類:以軟體為主,程式碼為輔來製作頁面,適合網頁設計師使用。
  • 程式碼類:以程式碼為主來製作頁面,適合進階的網頁設計師或是想學習網頁程式碼的人使用。

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